A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. This preview is partially blurred. In addition, he modified and extended his concept over the many decades of his professional life, often insisting that archetype named a process, a perspective, and not a content, although this flexibility was lost through the codifying, nominalizing tendencies of his followers. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). If after every tempest come such calms, With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). Toril Moi, trans. Archetypal Theory - Literary Criticism Human emotions have a lot of power over how we react to situations in life, the trick is learning how to not let them take over. The term archetype can be traced to Plato (arche, original; typos, form), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work of the Swiss founder of analytical psychology, C. G. Jung (1875-1961). Nothing extenuate, He has promoted Cassio to lieutenant while leaving Iago as ensign. Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous, Free Feminist On Othello Essays and Papers | 123 Help Me The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. Thus criticism evolving from his work is more accurately named archetypal and is quite distinct from myth criticism. archetypal criticism in othello america undercover life of crime Juni 12, 2022. used kawai upright piano . Iago will direct the remainder of the play, constructing Othellos down-fall out of the flimsiest evidence and playing on the strengths and weaknesses of Othellos nature and the doubts that erode Othellos faith in Desdemona. Ironically, as in the feminist revisioning of explicitly male-biased Jungian theory, the rise in the 1980s of Reader-response theory and criticism and the impetus for canon revision have begun to contribute to a revaluation of Jung as a source of literary study. My life and education both do learn me Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Olympus-high, and duck again as low O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. . While the beautiful. Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. (2023). Patterns originate from the writer's . O, farewell! (5. Archetypal criticism focuses on such things in a work. Despite this, Desdemona continued to stay true to Othello. Analysis of William Shakespeare's Othello - Literary Theory and Criticism PDF Archetypal/Mythological Criticism Hillman also discovers archetypal precursors in Neoplatonism, Heraclitus, Plotinus, Proclus, Marsilio Ficino, and Giambattista Vico. Is Othello or Hamlet better? This passage reveals how much Othello has deteriorated as far as his ability to reason. The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. Ignoring her appeals for mercy and avowals of innocence, Othello smothers her moments before Emilia arrives with the proof of Desdemonas innocence and Iagos villainy. No more of that. Iago reviews Othellos performance as a lover by stating, O, you are well tuned now, / But Ill set down the pegs that make this music. Iago will now orchestrate discord and disharmony based on a life philosophy totally opposed to the ennobling and selfless concept of love demonstrated by the newlyweds. The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare Iago: My friend is dead. He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. Archetypal Criticism - ResearchGate CYC3000_GettingtoKnowDisabilityJustice_Week 2.docx - Child PDF A Freudian Psychoanalysis on The Character, Othello Character analysis: Iago in Othello | The British Library Critical approaches to Othello | The British Library Due to the Moor, my lord. Archetypal Myth Criticism Paper - 337 Words - Internet Public Library Posted on . Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. Vindicated by the duke of Venice and the senate, Othello, accompanied by Desdemona, takes up his military duties in the face of a threatened Turkish invasion, and the lovers are given a triumphal wedding-like procession and marriage ceremony when they disembark on Cyprus. . Archetypal Analysis | R-bloggers The patterns are the major intrinsic aspects of a work. Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. How is archetypal criticism used to discuss Othello Archetypal while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. Considered according to this definition, the concept becomes a useful tool for literary analysis that explores the synthesis of the universal and the particular, seeks to define the parameters of social construction of gender, and attempts to construct theories of language, of the imaginal, and of meaning that take gender into account. In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. Indeed, myth criticism seems singularly unaffected by any of the archetypal theorists who have remained faithful to the origins and traditions of depth, especially analytical, psychologyJames Hillman, Henri Corbin, Gilbert Durand, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Evangelos Christou. That not another comfort like to this In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. Written in 2001, this piece of British metafiction tells a brilliant story of love, war, mistakes, forgiveness, and, of course, atonement. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). 2. For the fair devil. As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. The storm that divides the Venetian fleet also disperses the Turkish threat and clears the way for the lovers happy reunion and peaceful enjoyment of their married state. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. Archetypal Criticism of Othello Othello, one of Shakespeare's most popular tragedies, is full of symbols, motifs, and themes that make it relatable to people all over the world. Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . Both Desdemona and Othello defy by their words and gestures the calumnies heaped upon them by Roderigo and Brabantio and vindicate the imperatives of the heart over parental authority and custom. As scholar Edward Pechter has argued, During the past twenty-five years or so, Othello has become the Shakespearean tragedy of choice, replacing King Lear in the way Lear had earlier replaced Hamlet as the play that speaks most directly and powerfully to current interests.. To furnish me with some swift means of death The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. William Shakespeare, born in the year 1564, is often considered to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, writer in the English language. reflects the archetypal villain" (Sen, ). Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. Discuss The Archetypes Of The Tragedy In Othello | 123 Help Me The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. Northrop frye archetypal criticism - WikiEducator Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. Active Themes Emilia returns with Desdemona. I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. His demise was of his own doing. In Shakespeare's, An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Aristotle believed that the plot is the most important element in a play and that plot also clearly points out the problem of any characters to be solved. Further, the text offered confirmation (and poetic representation) of the only direct contribution Jung made to literary theory: a distinction between psychological and visionary texts (Collected 15:89-90). The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. 1. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. archetypal criticism in othello boone county wv obituaries In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. May the wind blow till they have wakened death, Succeeds in unknown fate. Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. I do perceive here a divided duty: She stayed loyal to her lover throughout the entire play and in the end it did her no good. As mine own face. Despite his deliberately selective focus on critical works written in English on literary texts that are, for the most part, also written in English, van Meurs, with the early assistance of John Kidd, has collected 902 entries, of which he identifies slightly over 80 as valid and valuable literary criticism. A feminist critique of the character Desdemona in Shakespeares "Othello archetypal criticism in othello Othello assumes that Emilia is helping Desdemona in her infidelity. PPT - Archetypal Criticism PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID R. F. C. Hull, 2 vois., 1973-75). Thus archetype is recognized as the tendency to form and reform images in relation to certain kinds of repeated experience, which may vary in individual cultures, authors, and readers (Lauter and Rupprecht 13-14). A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. In. For Cassirer, reason alone cannot lead to truth, but mythical thinking which focuses on immediate experience is essential. And smote himthus. Archetypes In Othello - 816 Words | Studymode No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. James Baird, Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems, Literary Criticism and Psychology (ed. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. In addition, many powerfully heuristic Jungian concepts, such as synchronicity, have yet to be tested in literary contexts. English Literature: Frye: The Archetypes - Blogger An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. In his major work, The Anatomy of Criticism, he states: 'I mean by an archetype a symbol which connects one poem with another and thereby helps to unify and integrate our . That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play when he completely falls into the evil trap that Iago set for him. Evil is displayed before him, not indeed with the profusion found in King Lear, but forming, as it were, the soul of a single character, and united with an intellectual superiority so great that he watches its advance fascinated and appalled. Let us know! Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. Literature in English: Archetypal Criticism - Blogger When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? archetypal criticism in othello I know not ift be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety (2.1. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jungs theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. Innocent characters also suffer, like Desdemona. You elements that clip us round about, Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. Abstract. After the. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY: 1. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. To you I am bound for life and education; Tis done at your request; but let her live. "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". Nor set down aught in malice. His imagination is excited to intense activity, but it is the activity of concentration rather than dilation. Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. In-text citation: Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. Ralph Manheim, 1974); Morris Philipson, Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic (1963, reprint, 1991); Annis Pratt et al., Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981); Jos van Meurs and John Kidd, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980: An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Works in English (with a Selection of Titles after 1980) (1988); William K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History (1957). Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. Archetypal Criticism | SpringerLink Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example?