. Large clinical trials in humans have never been conducted to confirm this interaction. But it may take a couple of days before you start to feel better or notice an improvement in your symptoms. What should I do if my symptoms get worse or change? eCollection 2022 Nov. Aziz AFE, Roshidi N, Othman N, Mohd Hanafiah K, Arifin N. Diagnostics (Basel). Careers. A definitive diagnosis is not necessary to report a suspected foodborne illness. In patients with clinically significant vomiting, antiemetics can alleviate symptoms and reduce the need for hospitalization and intravenous fluid administration. Before Its important to take precautions to avoid infection with Cryptosporidium if youre: Pregnant people and infants are at higher risk of dehydration from diarrhea. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. Seasonal incidence showed that the highest rate was in winter (74.6%) while the lowest one was in autumn (7.1%). In two double-blind, controlled trials in pediatric patients with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal distention, colic, left iliac fossa tenderness) caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, a three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide (100 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 12-47 months, 200 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 4 through 11 years) was compared with a placebo. Giardia duodenalis (C&D) trophozoites measure 9 to 21 long, 5 to 15 wide, and 2 to 4 thick. Metronidazole oral is taken by mouth. Cryptosporidium is a Particularly Challenging Type of Coccidia for Pets. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference. Giardiasis in Animals - Digestive System - MSD Veterinary Manual In those who have weak immune systems, the focus of treatment is often on getting the immunity back. Prescribing Information, Brand name: official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The schedule may depend on the exact dosage form or strength of the medication. Paromomycin used against Cryptosporidiosis under experimental conditions showed better results than albendazole and metronidazole. Metronidazole and tinidazole are also active against amoebae which may have migrated to the liver. It spreads easily in kids because they dont yet have good hand washing habits or understand how germs spread. People with weak immune . However, there is controversy around this reaction because while some studies have shown serious problems for some people taking metronidazole, others have shown the combination does not cause any problems. Jameson JL, et al., eds. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical Africa. Cryptosporidium enteritis is an infection of the small intestine characterized by diarrhea, which is caused by the parasite cryptosporidium. Follow standard ChAMP guidelines where appropriate. McGraw Hill; 2020. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Nitazoxanide vs. Metronidazole | Alinia Drug Studies Some evidence suggests that avoiding foods with lactose (like dairy products) can shorten the amount of time diarrhea lasts. Prevention is the first step in combatting foodborne illnesses. Foodborne illness can have various presentations, ranging from clinically mild illness that requires only outpatient care to severe illness that requires hospitalization. Clostridium perfringens is a bacterial infection of the intestines with which most cats develop long-term clinical symptoms of diarrhea and clinical signs associated with . R01 AI089441/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States. Careers. Cryptosporidium spp. If youve been around farm animals or at a petting zoo, wash your hands thoroughly before touching your face or eating. This content does not have an Arabic version. Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. Cryptosporidium and Giardia: treatment options and prospects - PubMed The most common causes in the United States are viruses, such as norovirus; bacteria, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Listeria; and parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia. Anti-diarrheal medicine may help slow down diarrhea, but a healthcare provider should be consulted before such medicine is taken. Do not take two doses at one time. If your sexual partners are also being treated, then abstain from sexual intercourse until they have finished treatment. Measure a dose with the supplied measuring device (not a kitchen spoon). June 29, 2022; seattle seahawks schedule 2023; psalms in spanish for funeral . Metronidazole (Flagyl) - Veterinary Partner - VIN Is not subject to the Controlled Substances Act. and transmitted securely. nitazoxanide. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. Metronidazole can cause life-threatening liver problems in people with Cockayne syndrome. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Entamoeba - Infectious Disease Advisor Cryptosporidium is considered a common, contagious parasite in dogs and other animals. 2022 Dec 13;10(12):2456. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122456. Metronidazole (Oral Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic Most people with healthy immune systems will get better without treatment for cryptosporidiosis. Pronunciation: me-troe-NI-da-zole Site of Infection and Pathogenesis. Metronidazole is effective against Bacteroides fragilis, for example, which is a normal bacterial member of the gut and mouth microbiomes but can also be a culprit in wound infection, abscesses, chest infection (often associated with pneumonia), and liver infection. Mensah GT, Ayeh-Kumi PF, Annang AK, Owusu-Frimpong I, Niampoma S, Brown CA. Efficacy of albendazole, metronidazole and paromomycin was evaluated against Cryptosporidium in experimentally infected cattle. Stop taking the medicine and call your doctor right away if you have neurologic side effects (more likely to occur while taking metronidazole long term): numbness, tingling, or burning pain in your hands or feet; vision problems, pain behind your eyes, seeing flashes of light; muscle weakness, problems with speech or coordination; trouble speaking or understanding what is said to you; fever, neck stiffness, and increased sensitivity to light. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. In immmunocompromised humans, infections may also occur in the large intestine, respiratory tract, biliary tract, pancreatic duct, and other sites. Its so small that you can only see it with a microscope. IV: Monitored (orange) antibiotic First, it breaks alcohol down into a compound called acetaldehyde. Paromomycin Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com Epub 2014 Feb 24. For those persons with HIV/AIDS, anti-retroviral therapy that improves the immune status will also decrease or eliminate symptoms of cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium (cryptosporidiosis) . Acetaldehyde is responsible for the unwanted effects of alcohol such as nausea, vomiting, and flushing, and is toxic. Wait at least two weeks after diarrhea goes away to swim. Abboud P, Leme V, Gargala G, Brasseur P, Ballet JJ, Borsa-Lebas F, Caron F, Favennec L. Clin Infect Dis. Cryptosporidiosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More - Healthline Cryptosporidium parvum: Oro-fecal: Diarrhea: Ooocysts in stool: Paromycin (investigational) Isospora belli: Oro-fecal: Giardiasis-like . What symptoms should prompt me to call you or go to the ER? Metronidazole does not treat chlamydia and is not a recommended treatment for chlamydia, but it may be given if symptoms of chlamydia persist after finishing a course of first-line treatments for chlamydia such as doxycycline, azithromycin, or levofloxacin. This content is owned by the AAFP. 16 . An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives. Expand current row for information about Alinia, Expand current row for information about nitazoxanide, Expand current row for information about Humatin, Expand current row for information about paromomycin. Cryptosporidiosis is a disease usually caused by the parasites Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum. Bessoff K, Spangenberg T, Foderaro JE, Jumani RS, Ward GE, Huston CD. Yes, cryptosporidiosis is contagious it can spread from person to person, although indirectly. Metronidazole (25 mg/kg) administered orally, twice a day, for 5 to 7 days was successful in clearing Giardia infections in adult laboratory-reared cats. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01505-17. Parasitologic cure (no Cryptosporidium detected in stool) rates range from 60-75% 1. 2005 40(8):1173-80. He or she may also check your mouth and skin for signs of dehydration. This medication may not be approved by the FDA for the treatment of this condition. O'|Xqj'i1|/PqQ08 GIp@p%`H4W}SMlw?yp:1N-[u* az=";`;I1 )=N35]0 Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite that is associated with self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts and severe debilitating diarrhea with weight loss and malabsorption in immunocompromised patients (eg, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Can you use Soolantra and metronidazole together. Search date: March 2014. Stool microscopy is rarely diagnostic, but the presence of red and white blood cells may signal a colonic source.4 Its primary use is identification of ova, cysts, and parasites, although antigen testing is more sensitive and specific for Giardia. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010947. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Once inside your body, the parasite passes through your digestive tract and infects your stool. In June 2004, nitazoxanide was also licensed for older children and adults. Nitazoxanide: A New Thiazolide Antiparasitic Agent | Clinical %PDF-1.5 Therefore, parents should talk to their healthcare providers about fluid replacement therapy options for infants. Neither patient had diarrhea after a few days of treatment, but both died within 1 week, and autopsies were not allowed. The first group received 360 mg/kg paromomycin twice weekly in a food item for 6 wk, and the second group received the food item with no treatment. you took disulfiram (Antabuse) within the past 14 days. Information on outbreaks, outbreak surveillance, and identified trends can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/fdoss/index.html or by calling the CDC at (800) CDC-INFO ([800] 2324636). In: Loscalzo J, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J. eds. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Side effects may be more likely in older adults. Metronidazole has caused cancer in animal studies. Nitazoxanide oral suspension (100 mg/5ml; patients 1 year of age) and Nitazoxanide tablets (500 mg; patients 12 years of age) are indicated for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium. The drug has multiple schedules. Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. cryptosporidium treatment metronidazole. Cryptosporidiosis: guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK Drinking alcohol while taking metronidazole is not recommended because the combination of metronidazole and alcohol can cause a reaction (often referred to as a disulfiram-like reaction) in some people. a blood thinner - warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven. For consumers: Continue reading. Has a low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule 4. It has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Application of Proteomics to the Study of the Therapeutics and Pathogenicity of. Definitive diagnosis can be made only through stool culture or more advanced laboratory testing. Replacement of fluids and electrolytes is the critically important first step in the management of this diarrheal illness. Metronidazole . 2018 Mar 27;62(4):e01505-17. 2016 Aug 12;2(8):530-7. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00094. PMC Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. As Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts are robust and resistant to environmental conditions, including disinfectants such as chlorine used in water treatment systems, numerous waterborne and foodborne outbreaks of human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis have been reported, with Cryptosporidium and Giardia responsible for > 95% of outbreaks . Two patients' diarrhea stopped following treatment with opiates and metronidazole, given orally in one case and intravenously in the other. A positive stool culture is more likely when analysis indicates an inflammatory process. Explore lung, breathing and allergy disorders, treatments, tests and prevention services provided by the Cleveland Clinic Respiratory Institute. People with severe immune suppression, particularly those with advanced HIV infection . What should I eat or drink? You should not breastfeed within 24 hours after using metronidazole. Currently, nitazoxanide is the only proven anti-parasitic treatment for Cryptosporidium infections. Other names: Cryptosporidium Enteritis; Cryptosporidium Infection. 2022 Dec;46(4):1133-1146. doi: 10.1007/s12639-022-01513-2. . Cryptosporidiosis: Treatment and prevention - UpToDate Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to metronidazole, secnidazole, or tinidazole, or if: you consumed foods or medicines that contain propylene glycol in the past 3 days; or. 2022 Dec 30;12(1):61. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12010061. Cryptosporidium (crip-toe-spor-ID-ee-um) is a protozoan, a single-celled, microscopic pathogenic (disease causing) parasite that lives in the intestines of animals and people. National Library of Medicine However, it is not effective in severely immunocompromised patients and there is limited data in infants. How long does it take for metronidazole to work? For ratings, users were asked how effective they found the medicine while considering positive/adverse effects and ease of use (1 = not effective, 10 = most effective). The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis. While not effective against Cryptosporidium, nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole or tinidazole are effective treatments for giardiasis and can be administered as a single dose. HIV-positive individuals who suspect they have cryptosporidiosis should contact their healthcare . Cryptosporidiosis is an illness you get from the parasite Cryptosporidium. Depending on the severity of your symptoms and whether you have underlying conditions, your provider may prescribe: Loperamide can cause heart rhythm problems in high doses. Cryptosporidium now causes over half of the reported waterborne disease outbreaks associated with swimming in chlorinated public swimming pools 9. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. It is important that you still finish the course of metronidazole that your doctor has prescribed, even if you feel better, because the infection may still be present, and it could flare up or recur if you havent finished the course. No anti-infective has been found to reliably eradicate Cryptosporidium, although several drugs (e.g., paromomycin, azithromycin, nitazoxanide) appear to suppress the infection. Tell your doctor if you become pregnant. Eat small bites of food if youre able to. Immune reconstitution or decreased immunosuppression is critical to therapy in AIDS and transplant patients. We want to help you find those areas much faster by offering you accessibility to our credibled evaluation web page, with ideal pharmacies ready and standing by. 6 in Dogs and Cats Control of Intestinal Protozoa - ESCCAP Nitazoxanide appears to be well tolerated and different treatment regimens have been used for a variety of infections. In 2004, the FDA licensed nitazoxanide for all persons 1 year of age. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in patients with HIV infection; used alone or in conjunction with azithromycin. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. It can take between 3 to 12 days after contact with cryptosporidium before you develop symptoms. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). However, these results should not delay empiric treatment if a foodborne illness is suspected. Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key terms foodborne illness, infectious diarrhea, food poisoning, salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, food safety, hemolyticuremic syndrome, oral rehydration solution, oral rehydration therapy, traveler's diarrhea, and bloody diarrhea. Has a low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule 3. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Metronidazole is active against anaerobic bacteria and some protozoa (e.g. Frequent public pools or reactional water areas (lakes or rivers). Microscopic evaluation for fecal polymorphonuclear leukocytes or lactoferrin measurements may be useful if an inflammatory etiology is suspected. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. % Compared with leukocyte examinations, lactoferrin measurements are more sensitive but more expensive, have a higher false-positive rate, and require a fresh-cup sample examined by an experienced microscopist.5, Use of antidiarrheal medications, including antimotility agents, anticholinergics, and adsorbents, is not recommended in children, especially those younger than two years, and is discouraged if infection with Shiga toxinproducing E. coli is suspected.68 Symptomatic treatment with loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) is effective and may be considered in adults with uncomplicated acute or traveler's diarrhea.911 Although loperamide is more effective than bismuth subsalicylate, it is not recommended for patients with hematochezia and systemic symptoms because it may increase the risk of invasive disease.10. metronidazole . In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. There has been one reported death associated with this reaction. Signs and symptoms of Cryptosporidium infection. The site is secure. What should I avoid? Make sure you tell your provider if you have a heart or liver condition before taking this medicine. Cryptosporidium infections usually arent serious for someone with a healthy immune system. Jumani RS, Bessoff K, Love MS, Miller P, Stebbins EE, Teixeira JE, Campbell MA, Meyers MJ, Zambriski JA, Nunez V, Woods AK, McNamara CW, Huston CD. Fenbendazole (50 mg/kg bodyweight orally once daily for 3-5 1999 Dec;18(12):885-9. doi: 10.1007/s100960050424. prevention of perioperative infection . Gharpure R, Perez A, Miller AD, Wikswo ME, Silver R, Hlavsa MC. ?H[r>3\?NSnGd{K9SNG9F0L[!^q-]) q2 i v6go5ou[=w( 2lJg0(>-!isbWaOynq$5y RJKdJj }kyOOxk_SvMnTL:f Y09[_>(DWTo17y|R_k9t.:9\e A@or}wp$a5L)21tO-\ye;P`yflu"#HU3!hhXnv5-$O5m-[. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Treatment of Cryptosporidium: What We Know, Gaps, and the - Springer Metronidazole is not approved to treat vaginal infections in girls who have not begun having menstrual periods. Youre also at higher risk for getting cryptosporidiosis if you: If youre living with a compromised immune system and get cryptosporidiosis, youre at risk of ongoing and life-threatening illness. 2023 Feb 24;18(2):e0281216. Half of all people living with AIDS will never get rid of Cryptosporidium once infected. [ 2 ] Most of the time the type of Crypto infection is very specific to the type of animal. If you have an underlying condition that weakens you immune system, your provider will help you manage your underlying condition, which can help the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the May harm an unborn baby. Metronidazole for Dogs: What You Need to Know - AnimalBiome Antiprotozoal medications stop protozoa like Cryptosporidium from growing in your body. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/24/2022. PDF Cryptosporidiosis in Ruminants: Update and Current Therapeutic Approaches Cryptosporidiosis (Crypto): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention Library - University of Wisconsin-Madison Shelter Medicine Program In most outpatients who have self-limiting gastroenteritis, a stool culture does not affect management.4 Bacteria are the most common cause of nonself-limiting foodborne illness; however, stool cultures are positive in less than 40% of cases.4,5 Newer techniques such as polymerase chain reaction testing have become readily available and provide more rapid, reliable determination of specific pathogens. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Not all uses of metronidazole are approved for treating children and teenagers. Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illness | AAFP Most cases of acute infectious diarrhea are viral, and improper use of empiric antibiotics is associated with increased morbidity caused by adverse effects and Clostridium difficile colitis. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. We also searched Essential Evidence Plus, UpToDate, OVID, and the Internet, specifically focusing on information contained in the CDC and FDA websites, as well as the Cochrane library. Swallow the extended-release tablet whole and do not crush, chew, or break it. People who are in poor health or who have weakened immune systems are at higher risk for more severe and prolonged illness. Parasites: Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, and Other Protozoa 16th ed. Dosage forms: intravenous solution (500 mg/100 mL), oral capsule (375 mg), oral suspension (100 mg/mL; 50 mg/mL), oral tablet (250 mg; 500 mg), oral tablet, extended release (750 mg) Copyright 2009. Resources are available to educate consumers on food recalls and proper handling, storage, and cooking of foods. This medicine will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu. Cryptosporidium spp. This is because metronidazole not only kills the bacteria responsible for conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, but useful bacteria in the vaginal flora that help to keep other microbes in check. Moreover, Metronidazole was found more effective than paromomycin in naturally infected lambs and kids (Shafiq et al ., 2015). . Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Epub 2001 May 9. Metronidazole is usually given for up to 10 days in a row. Cryptosporidiosis is an illness you get from the parasite Cryptosporidium. Would you like email updates of new search results? and transmitted securely. Abuse may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to those in schedule 4. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The site is secure. It is presently not approved to treat immunodeficient persons because nitazoxanide oral suspension and nitazoxanide tablets have not been shown to be superior to placebo for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in HIV-infected or immunodeficient patients 1. An awareness of the likely aetiological agents and . These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. While taking metronidazole and for 3 days after your last dose: Do not drink alcohol or consume foods, medicines, or other products that contain alcohol or propylene glycol. Treatment. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Symptoms in people with normal immune systems usually last for about 1 to 2 weeks. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Ask your doctor about your risk. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. In some animals, particularly ruminants but also wild mammals, Giardia infection commonly occurs without overt or apparent clinical signs. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/FoodborneIllnessesNeedToKnow/default.htm, http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/fdoss/index.html. Metronidazole is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections of the vagina, stomach, liver, skin, joints, brain and spinal cord, lungs, heart, or bloodstream. cryptosporidium treatment metronidazole. Infectious Diseases of Amphibians - MSD Veterinary Manual 2017 Aug;64(4):837-850. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2017.03.014. Avoid getting water in your mouth if you swim in lakes, rivers or public pools. Nevertheless, it has been >30 years since the introduction of any new innovative treatment and, for some pathogens (including Cryptosporidium), there is currently no accepted specific therapy [].Nitazoxanide, 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) benzamide (Alinia; Romark . Infected poop in diapers also helps spread crypto among young kids and their parents. This can result in an . . A healthcare provider will give you the injection if you are unable to take the medicine by mouth. Cryptosporidiums chlorine resistance and documented excretion for weeks after resolution of symptoms has led CDC and The American Academy of Pediatrics 10 to recommend that all persons refrain from swimming until 2 weeks after resolution of symptoms. All reports of outbreaks are entered into the CDC's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, after which the data are analyzed to monitor and identify the root cause of the outbreak. However, it is not effective in severely immunocompromised patients and there is limited data in infants. 1. Teach children good hand washing hygiene at a young age. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Because of this and the lower parasitologic cure rate, CDC still recommends that all infected persons, including those who have completed treatment, do not swim for 2 weeks after resolution of symptoms. Other tests that can be considered include serum chemistry (including albumin levels), C-reactive protein levels, complete blood count, blood cultures, urinalysis, abdominal radiography, anoscopy, and endoscopy, if warranted by the severity and pattern of symptoms.5 In severe cases of infectious diarrhea, toxic megacolon should be considered, which can be identified on plain abdominal radiography.4 Severe inflammatory changes can also be seen on computed tomography. It does seems that the concern attached to this reaction is overstated. 2014 May;58(5):2731-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02641-13. (4) Oral: Unrestricted (green) antibiotic This is not a restricted agent. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. It is possible that the reaction could just be a side effect of metronidazole or potentially only occur in a small sub-group of susceptible people, because the reaction does not appear to occur in everybody. 8600 Rockville Pike It is critical that this recommendation is followed to prevent the spread of this chlorine-resistant parasite through public swimming pools and other aquatics venues. Medications may also help cure a Cryptosporidium infection. Symptoms may include creamy white lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, or sometimes on the roof of your mouth, gums and tonsils; mouth redness, burning, or soreness and a furry or swollen tongue. Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks United States, 20092017. All 3 are primarily spread via ingestion of cysts in contaminated water (AKA fecal-oral transmission) and all 3 present with diarrhea. G. duodenalis (C&D) is one of the most common parasites of the domestic . Cryptosporidiosis is caused by various species of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, which infects the small bowel mucosa, and, if symptomatic, the infection typically causes diarrhea.
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