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Before the arrival of the brides, there had been very few English women in the colony, leaving nearly all of the young, male colonists unmarried and available. This time the Virginia Company announced that it required only young, handsome, and honestly educated maids and, beginning in the summer of 1619 through to spring 1620, 90 women set sail to the colony, followed soon afterwards by 49 women in the summer of 1621. MARIGOLD, Chemical/Oil Products Tanker - VesselFinder Some scholars also advocate reframing the story of 1619 so the emphasis is less on the trade that happened in Virginia and more on the horrifying voyage to get there and what came after. & Ships Passenger Lists Mailing Lists, Find Immigration & Naturalization Records, Census Records for 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, Search Ships Passenger Lists on other Sites. Jonathan Downes Ship;Marygold of WeymouthCapt. Note: Nowhere in the records of early Virginia have we found any mention of an Abraham Combs. Menu. See Also Burton-Combs Connections. (See Devonshire EN for examples), 1654 (Northumberland Co VA Headright) Debora COME, headright of Peter KNIGHT, Northumberland Co. (Early Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666 by George Cabell Greer, Clerk, Virginia State Land Office, 1912), 1654-October 9th Richard COMBE of Stourton, Wilts, bound to Henry COLLENDER of Mere [sic] Brecnoch [sic] to serve for 7 years in Virginia (Extracted by Combs Researcher Sharon Natolis from the Book Of Immigrants 1606-1660, Peter Wilson Coldham Genealogy Publishing Company, 1988, Page 275). References. (dau.) Why is that 1619 arrival in Virginia so noteworthy when, as Bennett wrote and scholars are still explaining, it was but one of the points of arrival of blacks in the New World? Sincerely, The Combs &c Research Group, Email: Webmaster. How the Virginians viewed the Africans is a subject of robust debate. Those English women who travelled to the new colony of Jamestown in search of marriage and a new life were neither groomed nor coerced. )December 3, 1628Letter of Marque issuedto:Owners;Capt. Its about how you define the history that youre telling. He points out that if one were to consider the migration of Africans from about the 15th century, one could also mark arrivals in Spain, Portugal and Italy, as well as in the Arab world. 15 May 1620 (Records of the Virginia Company Volume III, 1607-1622 pg 61) List of shareholders in the Virginia Company from 6 Mar 1615/16 to 9 June 1623 includes: Thomas HARRIS to Thomas COMBE 1 share. Ceptin fer realz short folk, allz em had ta stoop amost da entire time theyuz afoot. [pg 132], A bibliography of ship passenger lists, 1538-1825; being a guide to published lists of early immigrants to North America, The Passengers of the May Flower in 1620 [pg 47], First Settlers of New Hampshire. The settlement was built on the banks of Virginia's James River.The trips aboard the ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and the Godspeed, and the settlement itself . Researchers are encouraged to copy and distribute this work freely, but with the proviso that it may only be copied and circulated in its entirety -- including this notice, and all sources, bibliographies and credits; and excepting electronically in which case permission is freely granted to link to this site instead. Ship passengers P & Q - Packrat Pro Island New York Ships Passenger Lists 1894-1927 & Naturalization Giles CARTER of Virginia, Genealogical Memoir The passenger list included respectable citizens, officials of the Virginia Company, indentured servants, and convicts. BASSE Affirmeth upon his knowledge that JOHN COOMBES and John EWYNE cam over into this County in the good shipp caled Marigold Ano Domini 1620 the 20th of May and were delivered by Capt. Engraving shows the arrival of a ship with a group of Africans for sale in Virginia in 1619. In 1526, a Spanish expedition to present-day South Carolina was thwarted when the enslaved Africans aboard resisted. John COOMES The First Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619. Among those who are also known to have traveled to VA via the Tyger in 1621 were: Nov 1621 (Tyger's Ship List - Implied Records) John Richmond Combs, I (1662 - 1717) - Genealogy - geni family tree Magazines, Or create a free account to access more articles, The First Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619. it is believed highly probable that John COOMES above was the same who arrived on the Ship Marigold. These Africans become indentured servants like the white indentured servants who traded passage for servitude. Calendars of State Papers, American and Colonial Series, 1574-1660, ed. Thereuz dirty utensils and cookin pots around da fireplace fer em ta makes eir own meals. Richard BURTON, deceased. It is difficult to get at why exactly these women chose to throw in their chances with the colony but, reading between the lines, it seems that they were excited by the prospect of an adventure and were ready to start out on their own in a place that promised new opportunities, just like the men who had gone before them. It sailed to Windsor, Connecticut around 1638. First, Africans had been imported as slave labor in the English colony of Bermuda before 1619. She wanted a fresh start in Jamestown and before she voyaged Anne presented her recommendation to the Virginia Company. Nuttin fresh a-course. The Passengers of the May Flower in 1620 [pg 47] Passengers of the Mary and John, p. 265. Ens. HARRIS in Totnes, Devonshire in 1633. border crossing records (Saint Albans Lists). (Smyth of Nibley Papers, Smith 34, Document in New York Public Library. If this website has provided you with useful information, please consider making a donation to USGenNet to help keep sites like this online. A second muster taken on the same date, but at the Eastern Shore Plantation included two more Combs (var. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Travel from England was reals hard in dem days! Whether any of these were put ashore during the week the SUPPLY lay in the Severn awaiting favorable weather is not known. There, Governor George Yeardley and his head of trade, Cape Merchant Abraham Piersey, bought the 20. Ships Passenger Lists to U.S.A. 1600 - 1630 - Olive Tree Genealogy The former, however, was most likely a resident of Warwickshire. Is the presence of Robert PAYNE significant given the later close relationships up in Old Rappa. Thomas SAVADGE The vessel DL MARIGOLD (IMO: 9621170, MMSI 373108000) is a Bulk Carrier built in 2012 (11 years old) and currently sailing under the flag of Panama . This Combs &c. Research Report has been provided for the free use of those engaged in non-commercial genealogical research by the nonprofit Combs Research Group. Quick Add. SOMER), and also a.k.a. From MINUTES OF THE COUNCIL AND GENERAL COURT OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA 1622-1632, 1670-1676; Edited by H. R. McIlwaine; Richmond, Virginia; 1924: A COURT held the 9th of January 1625 being psente Sr: ffrancis Wyatt Knight Gouernor &c Capt ffrancis West Capt Roger Smith Capt Ralphe Hamer Capt Mathews Mr Abraham Perfie Mr William Cleybourne January the xxth 1625 Capt. passenger lists to USA, Immigration SARE (SAYER), d/o Ady and Sarah ARCHDALE Sayer (See Oxfordshire and Leicestershire), 1621 Abraham COMBS, or COOMBE is listed in 1621, in Elizabeth City Plantation., (Josiah H. Combes' The Combes Genealogy, p. 8). About half of the Africans who boarded the Portuguese ship died, some of the millions who perished during the Middle Passage from the 1600s to the 1800s. Jocomb ANDREWS Austen COMBES, A List of Names of the Living in Virginia taken on February the 16th 1623. He visits his offspring to capture an everlasting record for future generations. There is a tendency to simplify our story, to have a definitive start and end date, to say that slavery began on this day, when we actually dont know; to say that black people arrived on this date so that we can mark it, says Karsonya Wise Whitehead, a professor of communication and history at Loyola University Maryland. There was an economic downturn in England at the time, meaning that a lot of young men could not afford to start a family and had to put off marriage. 228). Under the Virginia Company it was the custom for the governor of the colony to give a certificate to each ship on arrival, setting forth the list of passengers and such other mention as circumstances seemed to merit. Seeds & Plant. ports of arrival, Ships Passenger Lists granted unto Mr. Francis HOUGH, 17 May 1637 & purchased by sd. They probably also brought some Christian practices that they learned from the Portuguese Catholic missionaries in Africa. This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theJOHN DEERE 5105 TRACTOR, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. (2) John Combs, the Draper of 1608-9 and John COOMBES of 1619-1620 could not have been the same since John Combs the Draper died in 1610 (See Above). pg 39, Passengers For Virginia, 1635, pg 111, 211, 268, 374, Emigrants in Vessels Bount to Virginia, p. 248. Unfortunately, the Tyger made two trips from London in 1621, at least one apparently with a stop at Somer Isle, and ship's lists are available from neither. Grower's Pot (8-Plants) Add to Cart. Great Migration: Passengers on The Marigold 1638 - geni family tree In addition, Indigenous people notably those of the 30-odd tribal communities led by Pocahontass father Powhatan lived in the area that became Virginia long before Europeans or Africans got there. ], of Mr. John SHAWE the elder, of Mr. Richard HUSBANDS, of Mr. William ESSINGTON, of Mr. Edward MEREDETHE,* of Mr. William BANNISTER, of Mr. John ROSE and of James MALLETT 5 pounds/apiece to be adventured in the voyage for the plantation in Virginia 50.. Their fates were tied up with those of the English women who married tobacco planters, who would reap the rewards of their unfree labour. Early ships and passengers to America - Genealogy Village TRACY also brought a letter of instruction and advice concerning Virginia affairs from Richard BERKELEY and John SMYTH., Note: Again, it will be necessary to locate a copy of the original record in order to determine if Nicholas was a CAMME or a COMBE, but the placement of his name immediately above that of William FINCHE is of interest due to early English FINCH/Combs/GREEN/SMITH wills. passenger lists and naturalization records on a pay site. 100 A for the per. Researchers are encouraged to copy and distribute this work freely, but with the proviso that it may only be copied and circulated in its entirety -- including this notice, and all sources, bibliographies and credits; and excepting electronically in which case permission is freely granted to link to this site instead. The Association for the Study of African American Life and History, the custodian of Black History Month, is taking the lead in paying tribute to perseverance and resilience. Their personal contentment and desire for womens company was also a consideration: it was said that the men at Jamestown had hearts that were enflamed through the wants of the comforts of marriage. Beitrags-Autor: Beitrag verffentlicht: Juni 4, 2022 Beitrags-Kategorie: how to respond to thank you email professionally Beitrags-Kommentare: aita for walking out of the delivery room aita for walking out of the delivery room and odd Negroes aboard in exchange for victuals meaning, they traded food for slaves. See also the COMBS-PITT Families of Isle of Wight Co VA, 10 Aug 1635 (James City Co - VA PB1:271) John DENNETT, 200 A, N side of Mr. Thomas KINGSTONES land (only a barren ridge between), Nly into the forrest between Martins hundred & Kiskiake by a br. The George, from London, arrived at Virginia The Supply England to Barklay (Virginia)1620 1621 Marigold Plant Orange Flower in 4.5 in. Marigold - Annuals - Garden Flowers - The Home Depot Jamestown was often the final destination in journeys they had made across England, from Cheshire, Yorkshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Herefordshire and Wiltshire even Denbigh in Wales before setting sail from the Isle of Wight. ;Capt JonathanDownes Tonnes; 60 tons 2.) If you don't find your immigrant ancestor in a large port city, try smaller Before leaving England, most had been unmarried women in service. Writing in 1621, the Virginia Company announced that only women would serve to tie and root the planters minds to Virginia by the bonds of wives and children. Although the next record of a Combs is not actually a Virginia record, but from Southampton, England, it is potentially of great importance since it may serve to help identify Thomas COMBE, shareholder of the Virginia Company: 20 Jun 1627. Captain Lane's Marigold had set out from an English port in about March, 1619 and during a May high tide she cast anchor and tied up on the lower James River. Also note Archdale-Powell Family. BERKELEY & John SMYTH to George THORPE includes: We have sent you also a great quantity of the best seeds for a kitchen garden, and of the most vsefull kynds, wee need not comend to you the effectuall care of them, because a great pte of the food of your family must aryse from them: With them cometh also a reasonable quantity of the seeds fo cotton wooll, wch Thomas COMBES your ptener hath pcured in London., Notes: Two more of many Combs Questions are: Which Thomas COMBE of England owned a share in the Virginia Company in 1620, and was John COOMBES' presence in VA at that same time coincidental, or might he have been the emissary of (and kin to) Thomas COMBE? Her oath would have been comforting news to the jaded colonist Thomas Nicholls, who complained the same year that women do nothing, except devour the food of the land without doing any days deed. Note: In those instances where more is known about the individual or individuals, hot links have been added. 3. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. As low as $6.95 . 22, 267 lbs. The following is a copy of the certificate which contains also the signature of John PORY, the secretary of the colony: These are to certifie the Right honorable, Right Worshipfull and others of the counsell and company for this First Southern Colony of Virginia, that there arrived at Barklay in the same country, for the account of the Society and the plantation of the said Hundred, upon the 29th of January 1620/1 (O.S. (Cavaliers & Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, Vol. The 1619 Landing Virginia's First Africans Report & FAQs Dem motley passengers traveled alow deck ins da hold, jus a big room at a-bottom of da ship it wuz maybe lessen five feet of headroom. The 400th anniversary being marked this month is really the 400th anniversary of the Anglo-centric history of Africans in the U.S., says Greg Carr, the Chair of the Department of Afro-American Studies at Howard University. Ol Jeremiah Combs lived during the early 19th Century til the Civil War and collected all the Family Lore. But Native American women were not, in the eyes of contemporaries, fitting partners. Some won their freedom in court; others, like John Punch, were sentenced to permanent servitude for daring to run away. Theres pretty much overwhelming consensus here: theres really no evidence to argue that the Africans were not envisioned as slaves, says Guasco. Combs &c. Ship's Lists It also appears that the William COOMES who is listed with him is the same who died during the ensuing year - found listed under those who died in Virginia during 1624: 1624 (Virginia Colony). Olive Tree Genealogy was chosen by Family Tree Magazine as one of the 101 Best Genealogy Websites 2017! Canada-U.S. When they arrived in Jamestown, the women met their prospective husbands and, by the Christmas of 1621, all were married. There, English women were guaranteed the chance to settle down and, with the help of a servant, run their own households. Archaeologists at the Jamestown site have found plenty of material evidence to suggest that Native American women took up residence in the fort; perhaps as domestic helpmeets or sexual partners (although this was never documented in English records). ; Robert PAWLETT, divine; Thomas KEMYS, gent; John HOLMDEN, gent: Richard FERRIBY; George KEENE, gent; Nicholas COMBE, gent; William FINCHE, Maragret his wife and Fances their daughter; John GIBBES; Robert BAKER; John HOWLETT the elder; John and William HOWLETT, his sonnes; Walter PROSSER; Giles CARTER; George HALL; John BAILEY; Thomas BAUGH; Gabriel HOLLAND; Richard HOLLAND; Giles WILKINS; Giles BROADWAY; Richard DALTON; Richard MILTON; Joane COOPY; Antony COOPY and Elizabeth COOPY; Philip Strange; John PAGE and Francys, his wife; John LINZEY; Roger LINZEY; James JELFE; Richard ROLLES, Jane his wife and Benedict ROLLES their sonne; Alexander BROADWAY; Arthur KEMYS, gent. North Carolina, Maine, Rhode It also appears that the . Emergency: DAIL 9-1-1. Although English colonists in Virginia did not invent slavery, and the transition from a handful of bound African laborers to a legalized system of full-blown chattel slavery took many decades, 1619 marks the beginning of race-based bondage that . John Smith and Jamestown, Virginia 1607-1609, The Charter of the Virginia Company of London. Ship to Home. URL: http://olivetreegenealogy.com/ Here is some additional information about the Marygold ship of Weymouth. Note: Based on the records that follow, it is believed highly probable that John COOMES above was the same who arrived on the Ship Marigold. NOTICE: The Combs-Coombs &c. Research Group is a nonprofit public benefit corporation and complies fully with USGenNet's Conditions of Use. All Rights Reserved. Master: Not Listed, but possibly P. CANADAY (KENODY). cit. Share. Likewise, he was too old to have been John COMBS II, b 1602, s/o John and Margaret ARCHDALE Combs. Passengers between Dec 23, 1631 & Dec 25, 1632, p. 297; Passengers between Dec 25, 1634 & Dec 25, 1635, p, 301; Passengers between March 28, 1637 & Sept 29, 1637 p. 324; Passengers from Ipswich, April 1634, p. 329; Passengers from Southampton, April 1635, April & May 1638, p. 333; Orders for five vessels to go to New England, Jan 17, 1639, p. 337; Passengers for St. Christopher between Feb 1633 & Feb 1634, p. 339; Passengers for Virginia [no date], p. 342; Passengers to St. Christopher, Barbadoes, and Providence Island, from Dec 25, 1634 to Dec 25, 1635, p. 347; Passengers to New England, Virginia, and Flushing, 1635, p. 359, Emigrants in the Hercules of Sandwich, p. 28, More Passengers to New England 1679, p. 375, Passengers to New England in 1670, p. 447, Passengers and Vessels that have arrived in America, [cont. Hell, they eidt een know where ems wuz mot eida time. Dating the history of Africans in North America to 400 years ago reinforces this narrative of English superiority. But, he argues, remembering the Spanish and indigenous sides of the history is more important now than ever, as the people [officials] are closing the border to are [descended from] people who were here when you came., People dont tend to want to think about early U.S. history as being anything but English and English-speaking, echoes Michael Guasco, historian at Davidson College and author of Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic World. The Marigold was an Emmerian Kirov-class battle cruiser and the flagship of the Emmerian Navy 2nd Fleet. Dem passengers had ta take da shi buckets up ta da deck a specific times ta dump em ovr da side a da ship. Questions: Was he nevertheless somehow kin to either the earlier or later Combs of VA? [SEAL] These are to certifie the right Honble Right worshipfull, and others of the Counsell and Comany for this first Southern Colony of Virginia, that there arrived at Barklay in the same country, for the account of that Society, and the Plantation fothe said hundred, upon the 29th of January 1620, these fifty persons underwritten. They survived and contributed.. If the liberty of English women was not violated, it is worth remembering that this was not the case for all women who arrived at Jamestown in 1619. Try a These electronic pages cannot be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation), Note: A different transcription (of the same record?) As the Internet has helped African Americans try to trace their roots back to the 17th century, interest in these aspects of the story is growing. He traveled on the ship, "Marigold" and sailed from England to Jamestown, Virginia. If you still can't find your ancestor in free ships passenger lists, try ships Henry BOOTH John PARSONS arrived in the Marygold 1619 4, p. 9 (13)) 2 Oct 1655. The 1619 story is only important for the people who develop within the nation state that becomes known as the United States, notes Daryl Scott, a professor of history at Howard University in Washington and a past president of Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Summer Island. It was 400 years ago, about the latter end of August, that an English privateer ship reached Point Comfort on the Virginia peninsula. Robert EDMUND'S arrived in the Marygold 1619 Dem survivors dough, theyuz a providin da good stock fer a makin the next folk haha. Fooduz really bad. If you would like to help bring free genealogical data online for all researchers, please Sir George YEARDLEY. Pilgrim Ships & Passengers | FamilyTree.com Garden New York Ships Passenger Lists 1855-1890, Ellis Otherwise his list agrees with the above except for small variations of spelling.. Anthony BURROWS The relationship, if any, between John COMBE, Virginia Company shareholder by 1609, and the following Thomas COMBE, a shareholder by 1620, remains unknown. John Combs of the 1619/20 Ship Marigold is not found in Jamestown in 1623/4; however, we do find an Austen COMBES: 16 Feb 1623/4 (Jamestown, Virginia Colony) The Muster of the inhabitants of Virginia settlements, Settlers living at James Cittye and with the Corporation therof on. (included): When the White Lion arrived unheralded in Point Comfort, the captains immediate task was to sell the Africans in exchange for food. The Misguided Focus on 1619 as the Beginning of Slavery in the U.S. (The subtitle was changed in later editions to "The History of Black America."). Coifs were white caps that only wives were permitted to wear on their heads, as a sign of modesty and the elevated social status of married women. Ituz a long 8 ta 12 weeks. The Marigold ship was a sister ship of the Mayflower. Email - [email protected] Full list of participating jails. George YARDLEY to the Company's use. The people who came in August 1619 have been described as the first Africans to set foot on the North American continent, but that is incorrect. On August 30, 2015, during the Invasion of Gracemeria, the 2nd Fleet suffered substantial losses while defending the capital. E.R. Despite her local standing, Anne, a widow, was minded and purposed to dwell elsewhere. The Marygold, in 1635, brought Thomas Holbrook and his family to America. Dem sailors didnt know shi noways; navigationuz real pathetic, mights een say primitive. by General William Giles Harding Carter, The Lord Baltimore Press, 1909, indicates the above Nicholas CAMME was actually a COMBE. Marigold Seeds & Plants - Specialty Annual Flowers - Burpee (wife) Jone PALMER It sailed to Windsor, Connecticut around 1638. Ships by Name. Previously, on July 30, when President Trump spoke in Williamsburg, Va., to mark the 400th anniversary of Virginias General Assembly, he noted in a speech boycotted by the Virginia Legislative Black Caucus, over Trumps comments about black politicians that it wasnt long after that governing body first met that the colony saw the beginning of a barbaric trade in human lives.. Second, the status of those 20. She also promised that she would take pains and do all service that is fit in order to earn her diet. marigold ship 1619750 watt step through electric bike. 1619 in America: 400 years ago, Africans arrived in Virginia - USA TODAY Those on this side of the argument say the word slave wasnt used at the time, citing a 1620s census that uses the word servants. Just as there were free black populations in Spanish and Portuguese colonies, there were some free black people in Virginia before the laws codified race-based slavery in the late 17th century; for example, Anthony Johnson owned land in the 1650s. She also feels that state curriculum standards, which now require teachers to discuss the impact of the arrival of Africans and English women to the Jamestown settlement, should make clear that the first enslaved Africans landed at present-day Fort Monroe in Hampton, Va., not Jamestown, though scholars disagree about precisely where events in this history took place, and whether the place more worth highlighting is the landing spot or where the people lived. Natha: Basse Affirmeth vpon his knowlege that John Coombes & John Ewyne cam over into this Country in the good fhipp caled the Marigolde Ano Domi 1619 the 20th of may And were delivered by Capt lane to Sr: George Yardley to the Companys vfe., NOTE; The item which precedes gives the spellings exactly as they appear in the original text. Not until the 1660s, over forty years later, do we find any Abraham Combs in Virginia. She and her husband head to Salt Lake City Utah to research Janie's elusive 4th great-grandmother. John J. Dickey (traveling preacher) that the CombsES came from Jamestown. Although that may have been true, it appears that their ancestor's arrival was not Jamestown John (See Below); nevertheless, the earliest records of any Combs (& var. He died in 1610 in St. Mary the Virgin Aldermanbury, London, England. Notes: Possibly Richard of 1666 Accomack? Congress established the 400 Years of African-American History Commission. * denotes children / more same name people are listed: Pachering/Pacheury : Joseph August 1, 1629 Letter of Marque issued to: Owners; Henry Cuttance, and others Ship;Marygold of Weymouth Capt;Edward Cuttance Tonnes 140 tonns ****Note that Capt. Those tensions would come to a head in a 1622 uprising, and later, the English sold their American Indian captives as slaves to the British colonies in the West Indies to pay for their wars with Indigenous people on the East Coast, according to Spivey. Natha: BASSE affirmeth upon his knowledge that JOHN COOMBES & John EWYNE cam over into this County in the good shipp caled Marigolde Ano Domi 1619 the 20th of May and were delivered by Capt. The names of Stewards and Servants sent b y John Mason, Esq., into this province of New Hampshire. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. By December 1620, Anne Rickard was tired of her life in the London parish of St James Clerkenwell. There may have been brides before, who were written out of history though. We know very little about their lives, but these are the real women who faced violence and were forced onto ships before disembarking at Jamestown. Very little has been found in the way of records for Southampton (Hampshire, EN) thus far, although Sir Wm. Try an Ancestry.com Free Trial Emigrants from England, p. 18, 106, 214, 314, List of emigrants to America from Liverpool 1697-1707, p. 158, 252, 336. Abigail Downing, who voyaged to the colony a little later in 1623, paid the cost of her own passage so that she would be free to dispose of her self when she commeth to Virginia, in order to find and marry an honest man. For example, as historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. has pointed out, Juan Garrido became the first documented black person to arrive in what would become the U.S. when he accompanied Juan Ponce de Len in search of the Fountain of Youth in 1513, and they ended up in present-day Florida, around St. Augustine. That said, something did change in 1619. Compare $ 13 98. Still can't find your immigrant ancestor on an American ships passenger list? We have to rethink the place of those Africans in history, says Fairfax.