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Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. They are not like some external tribe . White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Chien-lung What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. [citation needed]. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) Updates? That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. [6] This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. [CDATA[ from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. At the . Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. White Lotus - Wikipedia "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." }, Page last modified: The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. XIX Century Civil Wars. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook ." Szczepanski, Kallie. [2][3]. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Szczepanski, Kallie. Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). White Lotus - Wikiwand The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. ", Dai, Yingcong. id He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. Nothing is known of his end. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites.